(BT05402) MICROBIOLOGY

Unit I: Introduction to microbiology
1. Discovery of microorganisms; Theory of spontaneous generation, Germ theory
of diseases; Major contribution and events in the field of Microbiology. Scope
and relevance of microbiology.
2. Identification of Microorganisms - A general account. Microdiversity
Unit II: Major groups of Microorganisms.
1. General characteristics of Bacteria, Archaea and Eubacteria. Diversity classification
of Woese et al. Three domains of life. Five - kingdom system of
Whittaker.
2. Classification systems - Phylogenetic, Phenetic, Taxonomic ranks, Major characteristics
used in Taxonomy - Morphological, Physiological, ecological, Biochemical,
Immunological, Genetical and Molecular.
Unit III: Introduction to Viruses
Virus properties, Structure of Viruses; Animal Virology; Plant Virology; Viruses
of Arthropods, bacteria and other lower organisms; and classification of viruses
(Bacterial, plant and animal replication with 1 example each) and Applications
of Virology in Biotech Industry,
Unit IV: Replication of Viruses
Viral Replication, Bacterial, plant and animal replication with 1 example each
( in case of animal viruses the teaching should include the examples of DNA
and RNA viral replication and also of those that replicate in the cytoplasm and
nucleus).
Unit V: Identification, culturing and Assay of Viruses
Identification and in vitro cultivation of viruses. Assay of viruses ( Both Bacterial
and animal viruses)
Unit VI: Nutrition, Cultivation and Growth kinetics
1. Nutrition of microorganisms; nutritional classes of microbes, Macro and micronutrients,
their sources and physiological functions of nutrients. Growth
factors and their functions in metabolism. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
2. Cultivation of microorganisms; Culture media, synthetic, complex media, solidifying
agents, types of media -selective, differential and enrichment and enriched
media, pure culture methods - spread plate, pour plate and streak plate,
special techniques for cultivation of anaerobes.
3. Growth of microorganisms, Growth curve, mathematics of growth, measure
ment of microbial growth (cell numbers, cell mass), growth yields and the
effect of limiting factors continuous growth, chemostat, turbidostat, balanced
and unbalanced growth.
Unit VII: Identification and Preservation of microbes
1. Preservation of Microorganisms; working and primary stock cultures - agar
slants, agar stabs, spore preparation, use of sterile soil, cryopreservation,
Iyophilisation, Application and limitations of various methods.
2. Influence of environmental factors on growth - solutes, water activity, pH, temperature,
oxygen, osmotic pressure, radiation.
3. Colony characteristics, staining techniques; Fixation, Principle dyes, simple
staining, differential staining spore staining, flageller straining.
4. Biochemical tests-Sugar fermentations, IMVIC tests, Catalase production etc.
Unit VIII: Control of Microorganisms
1. Control of microorganisms, Inhibition of growth and killing, sterilization and
disinfection, physical (moist and dry heat, radiation and filtration), chemical
agents (disinfectants,). Characteristics & mode of action of antimicrobial agent.
Classes of disinfectants - phenol and phenolics, alcohol, halogens (CI2,
Chloramines, Br2, I2, tinctures of iodine, iodophores), surfactants (soaps and
detergents) alkylating agents (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, [3-propiolac.tone
and ethylene oxide) Heavy metals. (Hg, Silver and copper containing compounds).
Factors affecting sterilization and disinfection. Evaluation of disinfectants.
2. Antimicrobial drugs - History of Chemotherapy, and antibiotics, mode of action
of Antimicrobial drugs (acting on Cell wall, Protein synthesis & Nucleic acids),
commonly used Antimicrobial drugs, tests to guide chemotherapy, the effectiveness
of chemotherapeutic agents.
TEXT BOOKS :
1. Microbiology, Pelczar M.J. Chan ECS and Krieg NR. Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Introduction to Micro Biology a case History approach 3rd edition John. L.
Ingraham, Catherine A Iingraham. Thomson Publications.
REFERENCES :
1. Biology of Micro organisms. BROCK, Prentice Hall, International Inc.
2. General Microbiology. Hons. G.Schlege. Combridge University press.
3. General Microbiology. Roger Y Stanier, Macmillan.
4. General Microbiology. Prescott and Dunn Mc Graw Hill Publishers.
5. Introduction to microbiology- A case history approach 3rd edition- John L.
Ingram, Catherine A. Ingram Thomson Publishers