Friday, November 30, 2007

(BT05426) NEUROBIOLOGY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES

Unit I: Introduction To Nervous Systems
Central and Peripheral nervous systems
Unit II: Neuro Anatomy I
Structure and functions of neurons, synapse. their function, signals produced by
neurons, sensors function, Glial cells,
Unit III: Neuro Anatomy II
Molecular and cellular organization of neuronal differentiation, characterization of
neuronal cells.
Unit IV: Neurophysiology
Conduction of impulses by neurons, Correlation of sensory functions.
Unit V: Neuropharmacology
Pharmaceutical mediator, released by neurons. Hormones and their effect on
neuronal function.
Unit VI: Neurological Disorders
Pathogenesis, Genetic basis of neurological disorders
Unit VII: Behavioural Science I
Neuronal mechanism of behaviour,
Unit VII: Behavioural Science II
Animal behaviour, Behaviour in various environments.
Reference:
1. A.B. Schiebel Neurobiology of higher cognitive function Guilford Press 1990,

(BT05453) PHYTOCHEMICALS AND HERBAL MEDICINE

Unit I: Crude Drugs
Crude Drugs – Scope & Importance, Classification (Taxonomical, Morphological Chemical,
Pharmacological); Cultivation, Collection & processing of Crude Drugs.
Unit II: Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants in India. Genetics as applied to
Medicinal herbs.
Unit III: Tissue Culture of medicinal Plants
Plant Tissue Culture as source of medicines, Plant Tissue Culture for enhancing secondary
metabolite production (Withania somnifera, Rauwolfia serpentina, Catheranthus roseus,
Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea sp.); Anticancer drugs, Biogenesis of
Phytopharmaceuticals.
Unit IV: Analysis of Phytochemicals
Methods of Drug evaluation (Morphological, Microscopic, Physical & Chemical). Preliminary
screening, Assay of Drugs – Biological evaluation / assays, Microbiological methods
Unit V: Chemical Methods of Analysis and Detection of Adulterants: Chemical estimations,
Spectrophotometry & Fluorescene analysis. Drug adulteration – Types of adulterants.
Unit VI: Types of Phytochemicals_I
Carbohydrates & derived products; Glycosides - extraction methods (Digitalis, Aloe,
Dioscorea,); Tannins (Hydrolysable & Condensed types); Volatile Oils - extraction methods
(Clove, Mentha);
UNIT VII : Types of Phytochemicals_II
Alkaloids - extraction methods (Taxus, Papaver, Cinchona); Flavonoids- extraction methods,
Resins- extraction methods.
Unit VIII: Applications of Phytochemicals
Application of phytochemicals in industryand healthcare; Biocides, Biofungicides,
Biopesticides.
Text Books:
1. Pharmacognosy, C. K. Kokate, A. P. Purohit & S. B. Gokhale (1996), Nirali Prakashan,
4th Ed.
2. Natural Products in medicine: A Biosynthetic approach (1997), Wiley.
References
1. Hornok,L. (ed.) (1992). Cultivation & Processing of Medicinal Plants, Chichister, U. K:
J. Wiley & Sons.
2. Trease & Evans, Pharmacognosy – William Charles Evans, 14th ed. (1989), Harcourt
Brace & Company.

(BT05095) BIOPHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

Unit I: Introduction to Pharmaceuticals
History & Definition of Drugs. Sources of Drugs - Plant, Animals, Microbes and Minerals.
Different dosage forms. Routes of drug administration.
Unit II: Pharmacodynamics
Physico-Chemical Principles, Pharmacodynamics- Mechanism of drug action, drug receptors,
and Physiological receptors: structural and functional families.
Unit III: Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics- Drug absortion, factors that affect the absortion of drugs, Distribution of
drugs, Biotransformation of drugs, Bioavailability of drugs.
Unit IV: Drug manufacturing processes I
Good manufacturing practices, manufacturing facilities, sources of Biopharmaceuticals,
Unit V: Drug manufacturing processes II
Production & analysis of Biopharmaceuticals.
Unit VI: Production of Biopharmaceuticals
Production of Therapeutic Proteins, Hormones, Cytokines - Interferons, Interleukins I & II,
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF); Nucleic acids.
Unit VII: Applications of Biopharmaceuticals
Role of Biopharmaceuticals in treatment of various health disorders
Unit VIII: Drug Delivery Systems, Biomaterials and their Applications
Controlled and sustained delivery of drugs. Biomaterial for the sustained drug delivery.
Liposome mediated drug delivery. Drug delivery methods for therapeutic proteins.
Reference:
1. Biopharmaceuticals: Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Gary Walsh (1998), John Wiley &
Sons Ltd.
2. Remington’s Pharmaceutical sciences, Mark Publications & Co.
3. Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, (3rd ed.) Leon Lachman, Lea &
Febiger (1986)

(BT05415) MOLECULAR MODELING & DRUG DESIGN

Unit I: Introduction to Molecular Modelling
Introduction to Molecular Modelling. What are models used for? Areas of application – Single
molecule calculation, assemblies of molecules. Reaction of the molecules. Drawbacks of
mechanical models as compared to graphical models. Co-ordinate systems two – matrix,
potential energy surface.
Unit III – Quantum Mechanics
Postulates of quantum mechanics, electronic structure calculations, ab initio, semi-empirical
and density functional theory calculations, molecular size versus accuracy. Approximate
molecular orbital theories.
Unit III: Empirical Force Field Models
Molecular Mechanisms, energy calculations, Bond stretch, angle bending, torsional term.
Electrostatic interaction- Van der waals interactions. Miscellaneous interaction.
Unit IV – Molecular Dynamics
Introduction, Molecular Dynamics using simple models. Dynamics with continuous potentials.
Constant temperature and constant dynamics. Conformation searching, Systematic search.
Applications to protein folding
Unit V – Comparative protein modeling
Modelling by Homology-the alignment, construction of frame work ,selecting variable regions,
side chain placement and refinement, validation of protein models –Ramchandran plot,
threading and ab initio modeling.
UNIT VI: Analog Based Drug Design
Introduction to QSAR. lead module, linear and nonlinear modeled equations, biological
activities, physicochemical parameter and molecular descriptors, molecular modelling in
drug discovery.
UNIT VII: Structure Based Drug Design
3D pharmacophores ,molecular docking, De novo Ligand design, Free energies and solvation,
electrostatic and non-electrostatic contribution to free energies.
UNIT VIII: Further applications on the design of new molecules
3D data base searching and virtual screening, Sources of data, molecular similarity and
similarity searching, combinatorial libraries – generation and utility,
TEXTBOOKS
1. Principles and applications of modelling by Leach
2. Molecular Modelling by Hans Pieter,Heltje & Gerd Folkens, VCH.
REFERENCES:
1. Chemical Applications of Molecular Modelling by Jonathan Goodman.
2. Computational Chemistry by Guy H, Grant & W. Graham Richards, Oxford University
Press.

(BT05262) FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Unit I: Introduction To Food Processing
Biotechnology in relation to the food industry, nutritive value of food, and types of microorganisms
associated with food, its sources, types and behavior in foods.
Unit II: Food Preservation I
Bioprocessing of meat, fisheries, vegetables, dairy products, enzymes and chemicals
used in food processing,
Unit III: Food Preservation II
biochemical engineering for flavor and food production, cryopreservation, irradiated foods.
Unit IV: Fermented Food Products
Dairy products, non-beverage plant products, beverages and related products of baking.
Unit V: Quality Control
Quality control, case studies on Biotechnology in the evolution of food quality.
Unit VI: Food Spoilage & Food Borne Diseases
Food -borne infections & intoxications.
Unit VII: Food Microbiology I
Utilization of microorganisms in food Industry, Single cell protein, Neutraceuticals etc.,
Unit VIII: Food Microbiology II
Natural and artificial sweeteners and their role in controlling diseases and deficiencies.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Roger A., Gordan B., and John T., Food Biotechnology, 1989.
2. Frazier, Food Microbiology,
REFERENCES
1. George J.B., Basic Food Microbiology, CBS Publishers Distributors, 1987.
2. James M .J. Modern Food Microbiology, CBS Publishers & Distributors, 1987.
3. Lindsay, Willis Biotechnology, Challenges for the flavor and food Industries, Elsevier
Applied Science, 1988.

(BT05041) ANIMAL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Unit I:
Structure and Organization of animal cell; Equipments and materials for animal cell
culture technology; Primary and established cell line cultures; Introduction to the
balanced salt solutions and simple growth medium,
Unit II:
Brief discussion on the chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different
constituents of culture medium. Role of carbon dioxide. Role of serum and
supplements; Serum & protein free defined media and their application.
Unit III:
Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity; Biology and characterization of the cultured
cells, measuring parameters of growth;
Unit IV:
Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture in vitro; disaggregation of tissue and
primary culture, maintenance of cell culture; cell separation.
Unit V:
Cell synchronization; Cell cloning and micromanipulation; Cell transformation;
Application of animal cell culture; Scaling-up of animal cell culture.
Unit VI:
Stem cell cultures, embryonic stem cells and their applications; Cell culture based
vaccines, Somatic cell genetics.
Unit VII:
Organ and histotypic cultures; Measurement of cell death; Apoptosis;
Unit VIII:
Three dimensional culture and tissue engineering.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Culture of Animal Cells, (3rd Edition), F1. Ian Froshney. Wiley-Liss.
2. Animal Cell Culture – Practical Approach, Ed. John R.W. Masters, OXFORD.
REFERENCES
1. Cell Culture Lab Fax. Eds. M. Butler & M. Dawson, Bios Scientific Publications
Ltd., Oxford.
2. Animal Cell Culture Techniques. Ed. Martin Clynes, Springer.
3. Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 57, Animal Cell Culture Methods. Ed. Jenni P.
Mather and David Barnes. Academic Press.
4. Cell Growth and Division: A Practical Approach. Ed. R. Basega, IRL Press.

(BT05182) DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING LABORATORY

Cell disruption techniques.
Solid separation methods-filtration, sedimentation, centrifugation, product
enrichment operations, precipitation, ultra filtration, two-phase aqueous extraction,
high-resolution purification, preparative liquid chromatographic techniques, product
crystallization and drying

(BT05085) BIOINFORMATICS LAB

1) Demonstration of BLAST, FASTA and other search engines
2) Clustering and contig assembly tool
3) Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis.
4) Gene finder (Prediction)
5) Restriction site analysis tools
6) Protein visualization tools (RASMOL)

(BT05383) METABOLIC ENGINEERING

UNIT I : Introduction
Identification of metabolic regulation is a key point in metabolic engineering.
Basic concepts of Metabolic Engineering – Overview of cellular metabolism –
Different models for cellular reactions, induction – Jacob Monod model and its
regulation, Differential regulation by isoenzymes, Feed back regulation.
UNIT II : Synthesis of Primary Metabolites
Amino acid synthesis pathways and its regulation at enzyme level and whole cell
level, Alteration of feed back regulation, Limiting accumulation of endproducts.
UNIT III : Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites
Regulation of secondary metabolite pathways, precursor effects, prophase,
idiophase relationship, Catabolite regulation by passing control of secondary
metabolism, producers of secondary metabolites, applications of secondary
metabolites.
UNIT IV : Bioconversions
Applications of Bioconversions, Factors affecting bioconversions, Specificity, Yields,
Co metabolism, Product inhibition, mixed or sequential bioconversions, Conversion
of insoluble substances.
UNIT V : Regulation of Enzyme Production
Strain selection, Genetic improvement of strains, Gene dosage, metabolic pathway
manipulations to improve fermentation, Feed back repression, Catabolite
Repression, optimization and control of metabolic activities. The modification of
existing - or the introduction of entirely new - metabolic pathways
UNIT VI : Metabolic flux
Integration of anabolism and catabolism, metabolic flux distribution analysisbioprocess,
material balance, kinetic types, equilibrium reaction. Experimental
determination method of flux distribution, Metabolic flux analysis and its applications,
Thermodynamics of cellular processes
UNIT VII : Metabolic engineering with Bioinformatics
Metabolic pathway modeling, Analysis of metabolic control and the structure
metabolic networks, Metabolic pathway synthesis algorithms,
UNIT Vlll : Applications of Metabolic Enginerring
Application in pharmaceuticals, chemical bioprocess, food technology, agriculture,
environmental bioremediation and biomass conversion.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Wang.D.I.C Cooney C.L., Demain A.L., Dunnil.P. Humphrey A.E. Lilly M.D.,
Fermentation and Enzyme Technology, John Wiley and sons 1980.
2. Stanbury P.F., and Whitaker A., Principles of Fermentation Technology,
Pergamon Press, 1984.
References :
Zubay G., Biochemistry, Macmillan Publishers, 1989.
http://ocw.osaka-u.ac.jp/contents/19/ME040512.pdf For unit Vl & Vll
http://ocw.osaka-u.ac.jp/contents/19/ME040421.pdf For unit Vl
http://ocw.osaka-u.ac.jp/contents/19/ME040526.pdf For unit Vll
http://ocw.osaka-u.ac.jp/contents/19/ME040602.pdf For unit Vl & Vll
http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/gcb01/poster/hurlebaus.html
How will bioinformatics influence metabolic engineering? Biotechnol Bioeng. 1998
Apr 20-May 5;58(2-3):162-9. For unit Vll

(BT05416) MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
Introduction to pathogenesis, components of microbial pathogenicity. Population genetics of Microbial
pathogenesis, methods to detect genetic diversity and structure in nature population, epidemiology, cryptic
diseases.
UNIT II: HOST DEFENCES I
Host defense against pathogens, clinical importance of understanding host defense, components of the
host surface defences systems like skin, mucosa, eye, mouth, respiratory tract.
UNITIII: HOST DEFENCES II
Components of the systemic defense like the tissues and blood.
UNIT IV HOST- PATHOGEN INTERACTION
Virulence and virulence factors, colonising virulence factors, virulence factors damaging the host tissues,
virulence genes and regulation of the virulence genes.
UNIT V: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Experimental methods to study host-pathogen interaction, selecting the pathogen model, measurement of
virulence, identification of potential virulence factors,
UNIT:VI MODULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
modulation of immune response by vaccines, properties of vaccines, other immuno modulators.
UNIT VII: PARADIGMS OF PATHOGENESIS:
Diphtheria disease by colonisation; Disease without colonisation, Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus
aureus; Intestinal infections, Shigella and E.coli infections; Vibrio cholera Salmonella infections; fungal
infections
UNIT VIII: FUTURE CHALLENGES
Gastric and duodenal ulcers - are they due to infections? Lyme disease and Syphilis - unsolved mystery.
Legionnaires disease-aftermath of comforts.Tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections reemerging
with vengeance. Rheumatic fever and glomerulo nephritis - still a question to be solved.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Iglewski B.H. and Clark V.L. Molecular basis of Bacterial pathogenesis, Academic press, 1990.
2. Janeway C.A. Jr, and Travers P. T. Immunobiology. Blackwell J Scientific Publishers, 1994.
REFERENCES:
1. Talaro K. and Talaro A. Foundations in Microbiology, W.C. Brown Publishers, 1993.
2. Roitt I. Essentials of Immunology, 8th edition, Blackwell Scientific Publishers, 1994.
3. Austyn J.M. and Wood K.J. Principles Cellular and Molecular Immunology,
OxfordUniversityPress,1993.

(BT05155) CREATIVITY, INNOVATION AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Unit I Introduction
The process of technological innovation, factors contributing to successful
technological innovation –
Unit II Creativity
The need for creativity and innovation, creativity ‘and problem solving, brain storming
- different techniques.
Unit III Project Selection And Evaluation
Collection of ideas and purpose of project.- Selection criteria - screening ideas for
new products (evaluation techniques).
Unit IV New Product Development
Research and new product development Patents - patent search
Unit V: Patent Laws
Patent laws International code for patents - Intellectual property rights (IPR).
Unit VI New Product Planning I
Design of proto type - testing - quality standards
Unit VII New Product Planning II
Marketing research - introducing new products. GMP
Unit VIII Laboratory
Creative design - Model Preparation - Testing – cost – evaluation, Patent application-
GLP.
TEXT BOOKS
1. HARRY B.WATTON - New Product Planning. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1992.
2. P.N.KHANDWALLA - Fourth Eye (Excellence through Creativity) - Wheeler
Publishing, Allahabad, 1992.
REFERENCES
1. HARRY NYSTROM - Creativity and innovation -John Wiley & Sons, 1979.
2. BRAIN TWISS, Managing technological innovation, Pitman Publishing Ltd,
1992.
3. I.P.R. Bulletins. TIFAC, New Delhi, 1997.

(BT05533) STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY

Unit I: Introduction
Levels of structures in Biological macromolecules, the chirality of biomolecules,
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, cofactors, vitamins and hormones.
Unit II: Conformational Analysis
Forces that determine Protein and Nucleic acid structure, basic problems.
Polypeptide chains; geometric, potential energy calculations, observed values for
rotation angles, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and water structures;
ionic interactions, disulphide bonds.
Unit III: Protein folding
Types of proteins and interactions that govern protein folding, protein structure,
The protein globule and hydrophic interactionsorganized folds, folding mechanisms,
membrane proteins, helix-coil transitions,
Unit IV: Biomolecular interactions
Molecular recognition, supramolecular interactions, Functional importance of Proteinprotein
and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Specific and non-specific DNA-protein
complexes.
Unit V: Structural Analysis of Macromolecules I
Prediction of protein structure; Sequence-structure relationships, Nucleic acids;
general characteristics of nucleic acid structure, geometric, glycosidic bond rotational
isomers backbone rotational isomers and ribose puckering forces stabilizing ordered
forms, base pairing, base stacking; tertiary structure of nucleic acids.
UnitI VI: Kinetics of Ligand Interactions:
Biochemical Kinetics studies, uni-molecular reactions, simple bimolecular multiple
intermediates, steady state kinetics, catalytic efficiency relaxation spectrometry,
ribonuclease as an example.
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Unit VII: Techniques For The Study Of Biological Structure & Function I
Size and shape of micro molecules: photons, chromophores, transition dipole
moments, absorbance, and concentration. circular dichroism: molecular chirality
and structural transitions of macromolecules, methods of direct visualizationmacromolecules
as hydrodynamic particles - macromolecular diffusion ultra
centrifugation viscometry.
Unit VIII: Techniques For The Study Of Biological Structure & Function II
X- ray crystallography; determination of molecular structures, X- ray fiber diffraction
electron microscopy; neutron scattering - light scattering, NMR spectroscopy.
Text Book:
1. Tinoco, I., Jr., Sauer, K., Wang, J. C., & Puglisi, J. D. (2001) Physical Chemistry:
Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences, 4th ed. Prentice Hall.
References :
1. Introduction to Protein Architecture, by A.M. Lesk
2. Introduction to Protein Structure, by Branden and Tooze

(BT05112) CANCER BIOLOGY

Unit I: Fundamentals of Cancer Biology
Regulation of Cell cycle, mutations that cause changes in signal molecules, effects
on receptor, signal switches,
Unit II: Tumor Suppression
tumour suppressor genes, modulation of cell cycle in cancer. Different forms of
cancers, Diet and cancer.
Unit III: Principles of Carcinogenesis I
Chemical Carcinogenesis, Metabolism of Carcinogenesis, Natural History of
Carcinogenesis, Targets of Chemical Carcinogenesis
Unit IV: Principles of Carcinogenesis II
Principles of Physical Carcinogenesis, X - Ray radiation - mechanism of radiation
Carcinogenesis.
Unit V: Molecular Cell Biology Of Cancer
Oncogenes, Identification of Oncogenes, Retroviruses and Oncogenes, detection
of Oncogenes, Growth Factor and Growth Factor receptors that are Oncogenes.
Oncogenes / Proto Oncogene activity. Growth factors related to transformations.
Unit VI: Principles of Cancer Metastasis
Clinical significances of invasion, heterogeneity of metastatic phenotype, Metastatic
cascade, Basement Membrane disruption, Three-step theory of Invasion,
Proteinases and tumour cell invasion.
Unit VII: Detection of Cancer
Detection of Cancers, Prediction of aggressiveness of Cancer, Advances in Cancer
detection.
Unit VIII: New Molecules for Cancer Therapy
Different forms of therapy, Chemotherapy, radiation Therapy, and Immuno therapy:
advantages and limitations.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Maly B.W.J. Virology a practical approach, IRL Press, Oxford, 1987.
2. Dunmock N.J and Primrose.S.B., Introduction to modern Virology, Blackwel
Scientific Publications. Oxford, 1988.
REFERENCE:
1. An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Oxford Medical
publications, 1991.

(BT05100) BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT

Unit 1: Conventional methods for crop improvement
Introduction to Conventional methods for crop improvement, Pedigree breeding,
Heterosis breeding, Mutation breeding
Unit 2: Tissue culture in crop improvement
Micropropagation for virus-free plants, Somaclonal variation, Somatic Hybridization,
Haploids in plant breeding,
Unit 3: Genetic engineering for increasing crop productivity: Abiotic factors
Genetic engineering for increasing crop productivity by manipulation of Photosynthesis,
Nitrogen fixation, Nutrient uptake efficiency, Genetic engineering for
abiotic stress, drought, flooding, salt and temperature
Unit 4: Genetic engineering for increasing crop productivity: Biotic factors
Genetic engineering for biotic stress tolerance, Insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses,
weeds.
Unit 5: Genetic engineering for quality improvement
Genetic engineering for quality improvement, Protein, lipids, carbohydrates,
vitamins & mineral nutrients.
Unit 6: Molecular Marker aided Breeding
Introduction to Molecular breeding, constructing molecular maps; Molecular
markers, RFLP, RAPD, STS, SCAR, SSCP, AFLP.
Unit 7: MolecularTagging
Molecular tagging of genes/traits
Unit 8: Marker Assisted selection
Molecular marker-assisted selection of qualitative and quantitative traits, Map
based cloning.
Text Books:
1. Principles of crop production: Theory, and Technology by George Acquahh.
PHI Publications, 2004
2. Plant tissue culture by Bhojwani SS and Razdan MK. Elsevier , 2004

(BT05181) DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

Unit I: Role Of Downstream Processing In Biotechnology
Role and importance of downstream processing in biotechnological processes.
Problems and requirements of bioproduct purification. Economics of downstream
processing in Biotechnology, cost-cutting strategies, characteristics of biological
mixtures, process design criteria for various classes of bioproducts (high volume,
low value products and low volume, high Value products)
UNIT-II:
Physico-chemical basis of bio-separation processes. Recent development in product
isolation (for ex. one step purification, reverse Micro cellular extraction on line
membrane separation).
Unit III: Primary Separation And Recover Process
Cell disruption methods for intracellular products, removal of insoluble, biomass
(and particulate debris) separation techniques, flocculation and sedimentation,
centrifugation and filtration methods.
Unit IV: Membrane separations :
Membrane-based separations (micro and ultrafiltration), theory, design and
configuration of membrane separation equipment applications,
Unit V: Enrichment Operations
precipitation methods (with salts, organic solvents, and polymers, extractive
separations, aqueous two-phase extraction, supercritical extraction), in situ product
removal, integrated bioprocessing.
Unit VI: Electrophoresis :
Elecrtrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids, 1D-2D Gels, Types of Electrophoretic
techniques (Capillary and Pulse field)
Unit VII Product Resolution / Fractionation
Chromatographic techniques- Paper, TLC, Adsorption, Ion exchange, Gel filtration,
affinity chromatographic separation processes, GC, HPLC, FPLC, Chromato
focusing electrophoretic separations.
Unit VIII: New and Emerging Technologies
Dialysis, Crystallization Pervaporation, super liquid extraction foam based
separation case study with examples for processing of Two Industrial Products
(Citric acid / Penicillin and Low volume high value product like recombinant proteins).
Text Books:
1. Wankat PC. Rate controlled separations, Elsevier, 1990.
2. Belter PA and Cussler E. Bioseparations, Wiley 1985.
References:
1. Product Recovery in Bioprocess Technology, BIOTOL.’ Series, VCH, 1990.
2. Asenjo J.M. Separation processes in Biotechnology, 1993, Marcel Dekkere
Inc.
3. Bioseparations by Siva Shankar PHI publications

(BT05099) BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS

Unit I: Introduction
What are Biosensors? Advantages and limitations, various components of
biosensors
Unit II Types of Biosensors
Biocatalysis based biosensors, bioaffinity based biosensors & microorganisms based
biosensors, biologically active material and analyte. Types of membranes used in
biosensor constructions.
Unit III: Transducers In Biosensors I
Various types of transducers; principles and applications - Calorimetric, optical,
potentiometric / amperometric conductrometric/resistormetric,
Unit IV: Transducers In Biosensors II
Piezoelectric, semiconductor, impedimetric, mechanical and molecular electronics
based transducers. Chemiluminiscene - based biosensors.
Unit V: Application And Uses Of Biosensors I
Biosensors in clinical chemistry, medicine and health care, biosensors for veterinary,
agriculture and food
Unit VI: Application And Uses Of Biosensors II
Low cost- biosensor for industrial processes for online monitoring; biosensors for
environmental monitoring.
Unit VII: Molecular Electronics I
Potential advantages & Developments towards a biomolecular computer, development
of molecular arrays as memory stores; molecular wires and switches; mechanisms
of unit assembly
Unit VIII: Design For a Biomolecular Photonic Computer
Assembly of photonic biomolecular memory store; Information processing; commercial
prospects for biomolecular computing systems.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Aboul - Enein, H. V., Stefan, R. and Van Staden, (1999) Chemiluminiscence -
based biosensors - An overview crit Rev. Anal. Chem. 29, 323-331.
2. Pearson, J.E. Gill, A., and Vadgama, P. (2000) Analytical aspects of biosensors
Ann Clin Biochem 37, 119-145.
REFERENCES:
1. Roger, K.R. and Gerlach, C.L. 1~99. Update on environmental for biosensors.
Env. Sci. Techno! 33 500A - 506A.
2. Bilitewski, U. Turner, A.P.F. 2000 Biosensors for environmental monitoring
Harwood, Amsterdam.
3. Moses, V and Cape, R.E. 1991, Biotechnology the science and business,
Harwood, Academic Publisher London
4. Rogers, K.R. and Mascini, M. 2001. Biosensors for analytical monitoring EPA
biosensors group.

(BT05076) BIOETHICS, BIO SAFETY AND INTELLECTUAL

Unit I: B
Introduction to Bioethics. Social and ethical issues in Biotechnology
Unit II: Biosafety I
Definition of Biosafety. Biosafety for human health and environment. Social and
ethical issues.
Unit III: Biosafety II
Use of genetically modified organisms and their release in to the environment.
Special procedures for r-DNA based products
Unit IV: Regulatory Affairs
Regulatory requirements for drugs and Biologics. GLP. GMP
Unit V: Intellectual Property Rights I
Intellectual property rights, and Intellectual Property protection, patents and
methods of application of patents,
Unit VI: Intellectual Property Rights II
Trade Secrets copyrights, Trade Marks, legal implications, farmers rights, plant
breeder’s rights.
Unit VII: Intellectual Property Rights III
International and National conventions on biotechnology and related areas.
Unit VIII
WTO guidelines
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Sasson A, Biotechnologies and Development, UNESCO Publications, 1988.
2. Sasson A. Biotechnologies in developing countries present and future,
UNESCO publishers, 1993.
REFERENCE:
1. Singh K. Intellectual Property Rights on Biotechnology, BCll, New Delhi.

(BT05134) COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Unit I: Computational Molecular Biology-I
Natural Biological principles behind BLAST,
Unit II: Computational Molecular Biology-II
FASTA, MSA {Dynamic Programming, CLUSTAL W (Des Higgins)} Karlin - ALshultzl
E -values Matrices PAM, BLOSOM.
Unit III: Methods in PHYLOGENEIC Analysis
CLADISTICS,PHENETICS, EVOLUTIONARY PHYLOGENETICS
UNIT-IV: Maximum Likelihoods
Models of evolution 1) JUKES and CANTOR MODEL 2) KIMURA-2- PARAMETER
MODEL 3) LOGDET METHOD.
Unit V: Genomics
Sequence assembly and gene identification. Homology based gene prediction.
Restriction mapping analysis, coding region identification. SNPs and applications.
Methods of studying gene expression, EST approach,
Unit-VI Micro arrays
a)Basics of Micro array
b) Primer on comparative Genomics.
Unit-VII: Proteomics I
Introduction to proteins. Protein identification, structure and function determination.
Structure comparison methods. Prediction of secondary structure from sequence.
Secondary structure based fold and classification (CATH and SCOP), CASP
Experiments yearly updates 2001-2005
Unit VIII: Proteomics II
Protein homology modeling, Protein threading. Protein ab initio structure prediction.
Protein design emphasis on structural Bioinformatics.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. David W Mount. Bioinformatics- Sequence and genome analysis. CSHL Press.
2. S. Sahai, Genomics and Proteomics, Functional an Computational Aspects,
Plenum Publications, 1999.
REFERENCES:
1. Moody P C E and A J Wilkinson. Protein Engineering. IRL Press.
2. Creighton T E, Proteins. Freeman W H. Second edition 1993.
3. Journal BIOINFORMATICS (Oxford University).
4. BRANDOND TOOZE – Proteomics.

(BT 05305) IMMUNOLOGY LABORATORY

1) Handling of animal, raising of antibodies, purification of antibodies,
immunodiffusion, agglutination and precipitation,
2) Enzyme linked Immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA).
3) Purification of lymphocytes from peripheral blood, identification of cell
populations by rosettes,
4) Immunofluorescence.
5) Preparation of various types of gels. Types of electrophoresis.
6) Blood typing, RBC and differential count.
7) Estimation of Haemoglobin by sahalis method.
REFERENCE
1) Talwar GP and Gupta SK, A handbook of practical and clinical immunology,
vol 1 and 2 CBS publications, 1992.

(BT05098) BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING LAB-II

1. Isolation of useful microorganisms from natural samples.
2. Growth of microorganisms, estimation of Monod parameters
3. Temperature effect on growth-estimation of energy of activation and Arrhenius
Constant for microorganisms.
4. Batch, fed batch and continuous cultures
a) Estimation of Monod parameters
b) Pure and mixed cultures
c) Production of secondary metabolites in synthetic and complex industrial
media
5. Identification of growth factors transient pulse experiment.
6. Screening of process variables single dimensional search, placket, Surman
design, design expert etc.
7. Study of rheology of fermentation, broth and power determination.

(BT05502) REGULATORY AFFAIRS AND CLINICAL TRIALS

UNIT-I:
Licensing authorities-roles and responsibilities,ICH GCP,FDA, EU Clinical Trial
Directive, Data Protection Act & Regulations relating to electronic
sgnatures,Declaration of Helsinki 2000 amendment and financial disclosure
,Law, guidelines and codes of practiceRegulation of drug preparation and
packaging,EMEA,European directives and MRECs,Ethics committees – history
structure regulation impact of ICH GCP recent development with regard to the INDIA
/ USA / EU Clinical Trial directive
UNIT 2 :
 Ethics in all aspects of health care.
 Historical cases
 Negligence , informed consent , mental competence
 Up – to – date cases: cloning, human embryos and IVF
 Shared responsibilities for decisions and the understanding of risk
UNIT 3 :
 Definitions of GCP , auditing , monitoring and inspection
 GCP auditing requirements from a regulatory perspective
 GCP compliance and audit certificates
 GCP auditor training
 GCP audit team structure and SOPs
 GCP audit planning
 GCP audit conduct
 Reporting GCP audit findings
 Follow – up to GCP audit reports.
UNIT 4 :
 History and purpose of GCP development of ICH GCP
 Roles and responsibilities in clinical research according to ICH GCP
 Sponser
 Monitor
 Investigator
 IRB / IEC
 Essential documentation
The INDIAN / USA / EU Directives on GCP in Clinical Trials.
 Purpose
 How will the introduction affect clinical research
 Extracts from the guidance documents
Possible sanctions for non- compliance
a) Legal and regulatory
b) Commercial,
c) Professional
UNIT 5:
 Regulations in clinical research
 The purpose of audits
 Types of audits.
 Preparing for audits.
 In company
 On site
 The audit process
 Typical audit finding
 What are they
 Resolution
 How can they be avoided
UNIT 6:
 History of regulatory affairs
 Main concepts QSE
 Sources of information
 Regulatory affairs for studies in human subjects
 What data is needed
 Current and future European requirements and procedures
 US perspective
 Recognizing why clinical research has to meet the needs of regulatory
affairs
UNIT 7:
 Regulatory submissions for new products
 What data is needed ?
 Requirements for gaining approval
 US perspective
 Regulating control over marketing and sales of medical products
 Regulations
 Codes of practice
 Promotional materials
UNIT 8:
 Latest developments in ICH
 Purpose
 Implications
 Guidance notes
 Inspections
INDIAN / USA / EU Ethics approval system
 Overview
 Recent developments
Current issues in Clinical research
 Confidentiality issues
 Medicines for human use ( clinical trials ) regulations 2003
 Other relevant issues
TEXT BOOKS
1. Good Clinical Practices ,Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation, Govt.
of India
2. Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
REFERENCES
1. International Clinical Trial, Volume 1 &2 Dominique P.Brunier and Gerhardt
Nahler, Interpharm Press, Denver, Colorado
2. Code of Federal Regulation by USFDA - Download
3. ICH-GCP Guidelines - Download
4. Biosafety issues related to genetically modified organism , Biotech Consortium
India Limited, New Delhi

(BT05304) IMMUNOLOGY

Unit I: The Immune System
Introduction, Phylogeny of the Immune system, Innate and acquired immunity.
Immunochemistry: Immunogens, antigens, their chemical nature, Properties
influencing immunogenicity, Haptens, adjuvants.
Unit II: Biology of the Immune System
Cells of the IS: Haematopoiesis, lymphocyte leafficking, T, B, Macrophases,
Dendritic cells, Natural killer cells, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Mast cells and
Phasocylosis.
Unit III:
Organs of the I.S. : Primary and Secondary organs of I.S. (Thymus, Spleen,
Lymphnode, lymphoid fo kicle, MALT, CALT, SALT
Unit IV: Humoral Immunity-I
B-lymphocytes, their lineage, Immunoglobulins, their structure function, classes,
sub classes, genetic control of ab production. (Maturation of B cell) Isotype, allotypes,
Idiotypes.
Unit V: Humoral Immunity -II
Activation of B cells, their differentiation and effector functions. Hybridoma
Technology Monoclonal antibodies their application. Immunotoxing chimeric
antibodies and abzymes.
Unit VI: Cell mediated Immunity
T-cells subclasses their lineage, maturation TCR diversity, MHC, Ag processing
and presentation, T-cell artivation, effector functions.
Unit VII: Antigen-Antibody interactions and their significance in diagnosis and
Hypersensitivity,
Unit VIII: Tumor Immunology
Transplantation- Graft rejection evidence and mechanisms of graft rejection
,prevention of graft rejection, immuno suppressive drugs, Autoimmunity –
experimental models of autoimmune disease treatment of autoimmune disorders
and Tumor immunology.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Riovett. Essential Immunology, Vaccines conventional, subunit and
recombinant, antidiotypic vaccine, Blackwell Scientific publications, Oxford,
1991.
REFERENCES:
1. Benjamin E and Leskowitz S, immunology A short Course. Wiley LISS NY,
1991.ELISA Immunological Techniques. DNA vaccines Immunotechnology
2. Cellular Molecular Immunology. Abul Abbas and Litchman. 2003.
3. Kuby Immunology, 5th Edition . Richard A Goldsby, Thomas J Kindt Barbara A
Osborne . W H Freeman and Company.

(BT05325) INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

Unit I: Process Dynamics
Process variables-Load variables-Dynamics of simple processes. Flow, level,
emperature and pressure
Unit II:
Interacting and non-interacting system, continuous and batch process-self -
regulation-Servo and regulator operation problems.
Unit III: Control Actions and Controllers
Basic control actions-characteristics of two position, three position, proportional,
single speed floating. Integral and derivative control modes- P+I. P+D and P+I+D
control modes
Unit IV:
Problems on pneumatic, hydraulic and electronic controllers to realize various control
actions.
Unit V: Optimum Controller Settings
Evaluation criteria, 1/4th decay ratio, IAE. ISE, ITAE- determination of optimum
settings for mathematically described process using time response and frequency
response.
Unit VI:
Tuning process reaction curve method-continuous, oscillation method-damped
oscillation method-problems.
Unit VII: Final Control Element
I/P Converter-pneumatic, electric and hydraulic actuators- valve positioner- control
valves-characteristics of control valves-valve body-Globe, butterfly, diaphragm; Ball
valves- Control valve sizing-Cavitation, flashing problem.
Unit VII: Multi Loop Control System
Feed forward control-Ratio control-Cascade control-Split range-Multivariable control
and examples from distillation column & Boiler system.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Process control, Pollard A. Heinemann, Educational Books. London, 1971.
2. Process control, Harriott P., Tata McGraw- publishing Co. New Delhi. Reprint
1991.
REFERENCES:
1. Automatic process control, Eckman D.P., Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi. 1993.
2. Chemical Process Control Stephanoupoulis, G., Prentice Hall, New Delhi.
1990.
3. Process Control, Palranabis.

(BT05286) HEAT TRANSFER IN BIOPROCESSES

UNIT-I
Conductive heat transfer:
Steady state and unsteady state heat transfer by conduction. Heat transfer through
slab and cylinder. Concept of log mean radius for transfer through pipes. Extended
surface heat transfer through fins etc.
UNIT-II
Convection–Dimensional analysis, Forced convection in pipe and other geometries
UNIT-III
Natural convection - various correlation for evaluating heat transfer coefficients.
UNIT-IV
Boiling and condensations. Mechanism of boiling: Film and nucleate boiling.
UNIT-V
Heat transfer equipments:
Double pipe heat exchangers, Shell and tube heat exchangers, pinfin heat
exchangers-Overall transfer coefficient. Overview of various types of heat
exchangers and concept of LMTD.
UNIT- VI
Single and Multiple effect evaporators and problems on evaporators. Steam
economy, Steam capacity, evaporators performance with various feedings viz,
forward, backward and parallel.
UNIT-VII
Sterilization:
General principles of sterilization, Methods to avoid contamination, sterilization of
medium using HTST methods.
UNIT-VIII
Use of plate heat exchangers, effect of temperature on batch stabilization. Design
of continuous sterilizers.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Bio-process Engineering Principles, Pauline M.Doran. Academic press (1995).
2. Unit operations of chemical engineering, Mc Cabe, W.L, Smith J.C., and Harriot,
P., Mc-Graw Hill, 5th Ed. (1993).
References:
1. Biochemical Engineering, Webb, F .C. (1964) D.Van Nostrand Co. Ltd. London,
2. Biochemical Engineering fundamentals, 2nd Bailey, J E., and Ollis, D.F. (1986)
McGraw-Hill.
3. Unit operations in Food processing, Earle, R.L. (1966)Pergamon Press Oxford.
4. Biochemical Engineering, Blanch, H.W., and Clark, D.S. (1996) Marcel Dekkar,
Inc., New york

(BT05240) ENZYME ENGINEERING

Unit I: Applications of Enzymes
Classification of Enzymes; Purification and characterization of enzymes from natural
sources Comparison of chemical and enzyme catalysis.
Unit- II : Isolation of Enzymes:
Extraction and Purification of Crude Enzyme extracts from plant, animal and microbial
sources-some case studies; methods of characterization of enzymes; development
of enzymatic assays.
Unit III: Mechanisms and Kinetics of Enzyme Action
Mechanisms of Enzyme Action; Concept of active site and energetics of enzyme
substrate complex formation; Specificity of enzyme action; Kinetics of single substrate
reactions; turnover number; estimation of Michaelis-Menton parameters. Importance
of K
M
, Multi-substrate reaction mechanisms and kinetics.
UNIT IV : Enzyme Inhibition
Types of Inhibition- kinetic models; Substrate and Product Inhibition; Allosteric
regulation of enzymes; Deactivation kinetics.
Unit V: Enzyme Immobilization
Physical and Chemical techniques for enzyme Immobilization - adsorption. matrix
entrapment, encapsulation. cross-linking. covalent binding - examples; Advantages
and disadvantages of different Immobilization techniques. overview of applications
of immobilized enzyme systems.
Unit VI: Mass Transfer Effects In Immobilized Enzyme Systems and Design of
Enzyme Reactors
Analysis of Film and Pore Diffusion Effects on kinetics of Immobilized Enzyme
Reactions; Formulation of dimensionless groups and calculation of Effectiveness
Factors
Unit VII: Enzyme Reactors:
Design of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors-Packed- bed, Fluidized-bed Membrane
reactors; Bioconversion calculations in free- enzyme CSTRs and immobilized
enzyme reactors.
Unit VII: Enzyme Biosensors
Applications of enzymes in analysis; Design of enzyme electrodes and their
applications as biosensors in industry, health care and environment.
TEXT BOOKS:
1 Enzymes by Trevor palmer , East west Press
2. Biochemical engineering fundamentals, second edition. James E Bailey, David
F., Ollis, Mc Graw Hill Intl. Edition.
REFERENCES:
1. Basic Biotechnology, Second Edition, by Colin Ratledge and Bjorm
Kristiansen, Cambridge University Press.
2. Biochemical Engineering by James Lee.

(BT05084) BIOINFORMATICS

Unit I: Introduction to Bioinformatics
Scope of Bioinformatics, Elementary commands and protocols, ftp, telnet, http.
Primer on information theory.
UNIT-II: Introduction to Homology
Introduction to Homology (with special mention to Charles Darwin, Sir Richard Owen,
Willie Henning, Alfred Russel Wallace).
Unit III: Special Topics In Bioinformatics
DNA mapping and sequencing, Map alignment, Large scale sequencing methods
Shotgun and Sanger method.
Unit IV : Sequencing Alignment and Dynamic Programming
Heuristic Alignment algorithms. Global sequence alignments-Neddleman-Wunsch
Algorithm Smith-Waterman Algorithm-Local sequence alignments (Amino acid substitution
Matrices (PAM, BLOSUM).
Unit V: Primary Database and their Use
Introduction to Biological databases, Organization and management of databases.
Searching and retrieval of information from the World Wide Web. Structure databases-
PDB (Protein Data Bank), Molecular Modeling Databases (MMDB). Primary
Databases NCBL,EMBL, DDBJ.
UNIT-VI: Secondary Databases
Introduction to Secondary Databases Organization and management of databases
Swissprot, PIR,KEGG
UNIT-VII: Bio Chemical Data Bases
Introduction to BioChemical databases-organization and Management of databases.
KEGG, EXGESCY, BRENDA, WIT.
Unit VIII: Evolutionary Trees and Phylogeny
Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Bioinformatics Basics. Applications in Biological Science and Medicine by
Hooman H. Rashidi and Lukas K.Buehler CAC Press 2000.
2. Algorithms on Strings Trees and Sequences Dan Gusfiled. Cambridge University
Press 1997.
REFERENCES:
1. Bioinformatics: A Machine Learning Approach P. Baldi. S. Brunak, MIT Press
1988.
2. Bioinformatics. David Mount, 2000. CSH Publications
3. Developing Bioinformatics Skills. Cynthia Gibbas & Per Jamberk
4. Genomics and Proteomics-Functional and Computational aspects. Springer
Publications. Editior-Sandor Suhai.
5. Bioinformatics- Methods and Protocols-Human Press. Stephen Misener,
Stephen A. Krawetz.
6. Computational Biochemistry – C.Stan ,TSAI WILEY Publications.
7. Bioinformatics – A Practical guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins –
ANDREAS D.BAXEVANIS, B.F. FRANCIS OUELLETTE.
8. Bioinformatics – Principles and Applications – Harshawardhan P.Bal TATA
MEGRAW HILL.
9. BLAST : An Essential guide Ian Korf, O’Reilly publishers.
10. Bioinformatics Computer skills Cynthia Gibas O’Reille publishers.

(BT05455) PLANT TISSUE CULTURE LAB

1. Preparation of Media
2. Surface sterilization
3. Callus induction
4. Organ culture
5. Protoplast isolation, culture and Cytological examination
6. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer, selection of transformants, reporter
gene (GUS) assays.

(BT05414) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING LAB

1. Isolation of Plant and Bacterial Genomic DNA and Plasmid DNA.
2. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.
3. Restriction Enzyme digestion.
4. Demonstration Chemical mutagenesis.
5. Isolation and visualization of plasmid on Agarose gel.
6. Restriction mapping and ligation.
7. Transformation, screening for recombinants.
8. Characterization of secondary metabolites by Polyacrylamide gel
Electrophoresis. Silver staining of protein gels.
9. Blotting Techniques.
10. Expression of Beta – galactosidase and assay.
11. Cloning of DNA into plasmid vector.
REFERENCES:
1. Old RW and Primrose SB, Principles of gene manipulation, Blackwell
Scientific Publications, 1992.
2. Freifelder D, Molecular Biology, Jones and Bartlett Publishers inc. 1987.

(BT05454) PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I TISSUE CULTURE
Introduction to cell and tissue culture; Tissue culture media (composition,
preparation); Initiation and maintenance of callus and cell suspension culture,
organogenesis; Protoplast isolation culture and fusion;
UNIT II TISSUE CULTURE APPLICATIONS I
Production of haploids, Somaclonal variations, Germplasm conservation
(Cryopreservation);
UNIT III TISSUE CULTURE APPLICATIONS II
Production of secondary metabolites from plant cell cultures; Processes for
enhancing the production of secondary metabolites. Technology of plant cell culture
for production of chemicals; Bioreactors systems and models for mass cultivation
of plant cells;
UNIT IV PLANT TRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer; Agrobacterium based vectors, viral vectors
and
their application. Direct gene transfer methods; chemical methods, electroporation,
microinjection, particle bombardment.
UNIT V PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND
PERFORMANCE I (BIOTIC STRESS)
Herbicide resistance, Insect resistance, Disease resistance, virus resistance,.
UNIT VI PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND
PERFORMANCE II (ABIOTIC STRESS)
Abiotic stress tolerance ;Drought, temperature, salt .
UNIT VII MOLECULAR FARMING & INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Application of Plant biotechnology for the production of quality oil, Industrial enzymes,
Antigens (edible vaccine) and plantibodies.
UNIT VIII METABOLIC ENGINEERING
Metabolic engineering for plant secondary metabolites.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Roberta Smith, Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques and Experiments. 2nd ed.,
Academic Press, 2000.
2. Bhojwani, S.S. and Rajdan, Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. 2004
REFERENCES:
1. Roberta Smith, Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques and Experiments, Academic
Press; 2nd ed, 2000.
2. Crispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D.E., Plants, Genes and Crop Biotechnology,
Jones and Bartlett Publishers (2nd Edition), 2003.
3. Bhowjwani, S.S., Plant Tissue Culture: Application and Limitations. Amsterdam,
Elsevier,1990.
4. Charles Cunningham and Andrew J.R. Porter, Recombinant Proteins from
Plants: Production and Isolation of Clinically
Useful Compounds (Methods in Biotechnology), Humana Press, 1997.
5. Bernard R. Glick and John E. Thompson, Methods in Plant Molecular Biology
and Biotechnology, CRC Press, 1993.
6. I. Potrykus and G. Spangenberg, , Gene Transfer to Plants (Springer Lab
Manual), Springer Verlag, 1997.
7. Peter M. Gresshoff, Plant Genome Analysis: Current Topics in Plant Molecular
Biology. CRC Press, 1994.
8. John Hammond, Peter McGarvey, Vidadi Yusibov, Plant Biotechnology: New
Products and Applications, Springer Verlag, 1999.

(BT05354) MASS TRANSFER AND SEPARATION

Unit I: Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion
Introduction to Mass Transfer Operations; Fick’s Law of Diffusion, Gas diffusion
and Liquid diffusion (one component transferring to non-transferring component
and equimolar counter diffusion.) Diffusivity estimation (Stefan’s experiment);
permeability, distribution of gas and liquid components through solid, diffusion of
biological solutes in liquids, diffusion in biological gels.
Unit II: Mass Transfer Co-efficient (MTC)
Definition of MTC, F-type, K-type coefficients, Dimensionless numbers, Sherwood
number, Stanton number, Schmidt number; estimation of MTC for the case where
mass is diffusing from solid wall to bulk liquid. (Flat plates, cylindrical tubes) and
flow past single solids.
UNIT III :
Interface mass transfer, gas phase controlling, and liquid phase controlling
operations.
Unit IV: Gas Liquid Operation - I
Absorption: Definition, Solubilities of gases in liquids, single stage (one component
transferring) operation.
Unit V: Gas Liquid Operation -I I
Distillation: VLE, single stage equilibrium distillation, simple distillation and steam
distillation operation; continuous distillation (McCabe Thiele method only).
UnitVI: Liquid – Liquid and Solid –Liquid operations -I
Liquid-Liquid extraction: LLE, types of equilibrium system, Singe stage extraction,
Multi stage cross and counter current operations.
Solid liquid operation: Leaching, SLE, Single stage leaching.
UnitVII: Liquid – Liquid and Solid –Liquid operations -II
Adsorption: Physical adsorption, Chemisorption, Adsorption hysterisis, adsorption
isotherm, Single stage operation, Fixed bed adsorption.
Unit VIII: Membrane Separation Processes
Dialysis; Hemodialysis; Gas permeation process, introduction to types of flow in
gas permeation; hollow – fiber separation assembly, reverse osmosis, application
of reverse osmosis, introduction of ultra filtration processes and micro filtration
processes.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Robert E. Treybal, Mass Transfer Operations III Edition, Mc. Graw Hill
International.
2. Christi J. Geankoplis, Transport process & Unit operations, Ill ed., Prentice
Hall India Pvt. Ltd.
REFERENCES:
1. Judson Kind: Separation Processes, II Edition, Mc Graw Hill Chemical
Engineering series.
2. Philip A. Schweitzer, Handbook of separation Techniques for chemical
Engineering, III Edition, Mc. Graw Hill.
3. Philip C. Wankat Rate, Controlled separations, Chapman and Hall, 1985.

(BT05275) GENETIC ENGINEERING

Unit I: Gene Regulation and Expression in Prokaryotes
Lactose, Arabinose and Tryptophan operons, Repressors and activator, Sigma
switch in Bacillus subtilis.
Unit II: Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic system
Gene regulation in Eukaryotic system, Repetitive DNA, Gene rearrangement,
Promoters, enhancer elements, gene amplification.
Unit III: Plasmids, Transposons / Vectors for Gene Transfers
Plasmids: Definition, types, Identification, classification and purifications and transfer
of Plasmids. Host restriction in transfer.
Transposable elements: Definition, detection of transposition in bacteria, types of
bacterial transposons, mechanisms of transposition and excision, applications of
transposons. Retrotransposons.
UNIT IV: DNA Technology
Purification of genomic DNA from living cells, Manipulation of purified DNA;
construction of prototype vector (pBR 322), different types of cloning vectors (plasmid
– pUC 19, ? phage, cosmid, M13). Enzymes involved in genetic engineering; cloning
strategies, Introduction of DNA into living cells. Methods of Gene transfer, Restriction
mapping.
UNIT – V Expression and Detection of clones
Detection of clones and its expression: Expression of cloned genes in yeast & E.
coli. Blot analysis - Southern, Northern & Western blot; dot and slot blot.
Immunological techniques. DNA methylation, DNA hybridization. Genomic and cDNA
library construction and application. DNA sequencing.
Unit VI: PCR and its application
Principles, designing of primers, PCR methodology, RT - PCR, multiplex PCR,
identification of PCR product, application of PCR technology.
Unit VII: Molecular markers
Molecular markers: RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, 16s r-ANA typing, gene chip and micro
array; applications in disease profile
Unit VIII: Applications of r-DNA Technology
Gene cloning in medicine (Insulin, Blood clotting factor VIII) High level expression
of proteins in different host systems (E. coli, yeast, Insect, mammalian cells)
Limitation and advantages and novel technologies generation of transgenic animals.
Introduction to Gene therapy (Ex vivo & In vivo), case study of ADA as an example.
Advantages and limitations of Gene therapy.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Old RW, Primrose SB, principles of Gene manipulation, An introduction to
Genetic engineering, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993
2. T.A. Brown, Gene Cloning.
REFERENCES:
1. Ansubel FM., Brent A, Kingston AE, Moore DO, Current protocols in Molecular
Biology, Greene Publishing Associates, NY, 1988.
2. Berger SL, Kimmer AR, Methods in Enzymology, Vol 152, Academic Press,
1987.
3. Molecular Cell Biology – Gerald Carp.

(BT05234) ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY(BT05234) ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I: Biological Treatment of Wastewater – Aerobic System
Biological processes for domestic and industrial waste water treatments; Aerobic
systems - activated sludge process, trickling filters, biological filters, rotating biological
contractors (RBC), Fluidized bed reactor (FBR), expanded bed reactor, Inverse
fluidized bed biofilm reactor (IFBBR) packed bed reactors air- sparged reactors,
UNIT II : Biological Treatment of Wastewater – Anaerobic System
Anaerobic biological treatment - contact digesters, packed column reactors, UASB.
Unit III: Bioremediation
Introduction, constraints and priorities of Bioremediation, Biostimulation of Naturally
occurring microbial activities, Bioaugmentation, in situ, ex situ, intrinsic & engineered
bioremediation,
Unit IV: Bioremediation- II
Solid phase bioremediation - land farming, prepared beds, soil piles,
Phytoremediation. Composting, Bioventing & Biosparging; Liquid phase
bioremediation - suspended bioreactors, fixed biofilm reactors.
Unit V: Metal Biotechnology
Mining and Metal biotechnology – with special reference to Copper & Iron. Microbial
transformation, accumulation and concentration of metals, metal leaching, extraction
and future prospects.
Unit VI: Bio Fuels
Microorganisms and energy requirements of mankind; Production of nonconventional
fuels - Methane (Biogas), Hydrogen, Alcohols and algal hydrocarbons,
Use of microorganisms in augmentation of petroleum recovery.
Unit VII: Hazardous Waste Management- I
Introduction - Xenobiotic compounds, recalcitrance. hazardous wastes -
biodegradation of Xenobiotics . Biological detoxification - market for hazardous
waste management –
Unit VIII: Hazardous Waste Management- II
biotechnology application to hazardous waste management - examples of
biotechnological applications to hazardous waste management - cyanide
detoxification - detoxification of oxalate, urea etc. - toxic organics - phenols.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Environmental Biotechnology by S. K. Agarwal
2. Biodegradation & Bioremediation (1999), Martin Alexander, Academic press.
REFERENCES:
1. Stanier R. Y., Ingram J.L., Wheelis M.L., Painter R.R., General Microbiology,
McMillan Publications, 1989.
2. Foster C.F., John Ware D.A., Environmental Biotechnology, Ellis Horwood Ltd.,
1987.
3. Karrely D., Chakrabarty K., Omen G.S., Biotechnology and Biodegradation,
Advances in Applied Biotechnology Series, Vol.4, Gulf Publications Co. London,
1989.
4. Bioremediation engineering; design and application 1995 John. T. cookson,
Jr. Mc Graw Hill, Inc.
5. Environmental Biotechnology by A.K. Chatterjee
6. Environmental Biotechnology by S.N.Jogdand Himalaya Publishing

(BT05078) BIOCHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING

UNIT I:
Ideal reactors:
Concept of ideal reactors based on flow characteristics, design of ideal reactors
using material and energy balance equations. Single reactors, with ideal flow
condition, comparison of volumes of plug flow reactor and chemostat. Multiple
reactors-methods to show how total volume is affected in multiple reactors.
Unit II:
Kinetics of homogeneous reactions - I
Searching for mechanism – Arrhenius equation – Batch reactor analysis for kinetics.
(synchronous growth and its application in product production).
UNIT III: Kinetics of Homogeneous reactions- II
Growth Kinetics: Batch growth quantifying cell concentration, growth profiles and
kinetics in batch culture, fed batch growth, continuous growth and their growth kinetic
quantification, chemostat growth, semi-continuous / exponential feeding strategy.
UNIT IV: MULTIPLE REACTIONS
Parallel, series and series – parallel reactions-effect of thermodynamic parameters
on the yield/selectivity of the desired product. Maximizing the yield of intermediate
product in series reactions
UNIT V :
Design principles – Non isothermal reactions and pressure effects
UNIT VI:
Non-ideal flow in bioreactors-reasons for non-ideality, concept of RTD studies,
characterization of non-ideality using RTD studies, various distribution functions,
conversions using tracer studies. Diagnosing the ills of non ideal bioreactors, various
models of non ideal flow.
UNIT VII:
Design and analysis of bioreactors-stability and analysis of bioreactors, biomass
production and effect of dilution rate.
UNIT- VIII:
Design and operation of various bioreactors, viz CSTF, fed batch systems, air-liftbioreactors,
fluidized bed bioreactors. Scale up of bioreactors. Criteria for selection
of bioreactors.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Biochemical Engineering, D.G.Rao, Tata Mc Hill (2005)
2. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, 2nd edition, Bailey, J. E. and Ollis,
D.F., Mc Gra- Hill.(1986)
REFERENCES:
1. H. Scott Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, II Edition, Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
2. O.Levenspial, Chemical Reaction Engineering, Wiley Eastern, III ed, New Delhi.
3. Charles D. Holland, Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering, John
Wiley and Sons, 1990.
4. J.M. Smith, Chemical Engineering Kinetics, Mc Graw Hill, 1981.

(BT05320) INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS LAB

1. Precision and validity of an experiment.
2. Demonstration of viable cells using phase contrast microscopy.
3. Verification of Lambert – Beers Law by UV – VIS spectrophotometer.
4. Estimation of different macromolecules by visible spectrophotometer.
5. Estimation of turbidity using UV-VIS spectrophotometer.
6. Emission spectra of Anthracene using Spectrofluorimeter.
7. Estimation of proteins & nucleic acids by U.V. method.
8. Separation of different macromolecules by Paper, Thin layer & HPLC
chromatography.

(BT05097)BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING LAB- I

1. Enzyme Isolation and Assay of Enzymatic, Activity
Extraction of commercially important enzymes from natural source Development
of enzyme assays; quantification of enzyme activity and specific activity.
2. Enzyme Kinetics
Estimation of Michaelis Menten parameters, Effect of pH and temperature on enzyme
activity, kinetics of inhibition.
3. Immobilized Enzyme Reactions
Techniques of enzyme immobilization - matrix entrapment, ionic and cross linking;
column packing; analysis of mass transfer effects on kinetics of immobilized enzyme
reactions; bioconversion studies with immobilized - enzyme packed - bed
reactors.
4. Microbial Culture Studies:
Culturing of different types of microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, fungi) used in the
production of commercially important products; Formulation of simple and complex
culture media; Estimation of biomass (dry weight); substrate and product analysis;
Study of Growth substrate utilization and product formation kinetics in shake - flask
cultures.

(MA05476) PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

UNIT-I
Probability: Sample space and events – Probability – The axioms of probability -
Some elementary theorems - Conditional probability – Baye’s theorem.
UNIT-II
Random variables – Discrete and continuous – Distribution – Distribution function.
UNIT-III
Distribution - Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution – related properties.
UNIT-IV
Sampling distribution: Populations and samples - Sampling distributions of mean
(known and unknown) proportions, sums and differences.
UNIT-V
Estimation: Point estimation – interval estimation - Bayesian estimation.
UNIT-VI
Test of Hypothesis – Means and proportions – Hypothesis concerning one and two
means – Type I and Type II errors. One tail, two-tail tests.
UNIT-VII
Tests of significance – Student’s t-test, F-test, test. Estimation of proportions.
UNIT –VIII
Curve fitting: The method of least squares – Inferences based on the least squares
estimations - Curvilinear regression – multiple regressions – correlation for univariate
and bivariate distributions.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana, Tata Mc Grill 2002 2nd
Edition.
2. Mont Gomany-Design of Experiments- Wiley Publications.
REFERENCES:
1. Fundamentals of mathematical statistics-S.C.Gupta V.K.Kapur Chand
Publications.
2. Probability and Statistics for Engineers. Miller and Trend Kreyszig. Prentice
HALL of India 5th edition.
3. Schaum Outline’s Series Theory and problems of probability and statistics-
Murray R. Spiegel.
4. Fundamental concepts of design of experiments- Hricks Oxford Publications.

(BT05413) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Unit I: Structure of DNA
Detailed structure of DNA, variation from Watson & Crick model, Z - DNA, A & B
DNA, Denaturation & melting curves.
UNIT-II: DNA Replication - I
Models of DNA replication: semi conservative Mechanism of DNA replication in
E.coli (bi- directional). Mitochondrial (D-loop), Viral DNA (Rolling circle), Single
stranded- DNA phages (M13, 174),
Unit – III : DNA Replication- II
Eukaryotic telomeres and its replication Inhibitors of DNA Replication. Enzymes
involved in replication, step by step process.
Unit IV: RNA Structure and Biosynthesis
m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA structures, Transcription apparatus, RNA polymerases and
proteins involved in transcription (initiation, elongation and termination steps)
UNIT V : Post transcriptional processing
Post transcriptional processing of RNA ‘s t-RNA, r-RNA, m- RNA splicing. Inhibitors
of transcription.
Unit VI: Protein Biosynthesis
The genetic code and Wobble Hypothesis, Codon usage, Protein synthesis In
Prokaryotes.
UNIT VII : Protein synthesis in eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Protein synthesis, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein
synthesis,Post translation modifications. Inhibitors of protein synthesis
Unit VII : Mutagenesis
Mutations, spontaneous, induced, lethal, mutagens their types and actions,
classifications of mutations, characters of mutations and applications.
Site - directed mutagenesis and reverse genetics. DNA damage and repair
mechanisms. Mutagenicity testing using microbial systems, Ames TEST.
Unit – VIII Genetic Recombination In Bacteria
Transfer of Characters, Genetic Recombination, Gene Transfer mechanisms ,
Plasmids,
Phase Crosses, Insertion of phase chromosomes
TEXT BOOKS
1. Molecular Biology, David Friefeldur, Norasa Publishing Home
2. Benjamin Lewin - Gene – VIII, 2002
References:
1. Lodish, H., Berk A., Zipursky, S.L. Matsudaria, P. Baltimore, D. and Darnell,
J.2003. Molecular Cell f Biology, Media connected, W.H. Freeman and
Company.
2. Bio Chemistry and Molecular biology by William H. Ellioff. Oxford Publications
3. Cell and Molecular biology by Philip Sheeler Donald E.Bianchi Wiley Publishers.
4. Cell and Molecular Biology 1996. De Robertis E.D.Pi and De Robertis E.M.F.
B I Waverly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

(HS05353)MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Definition, Nature and Scope Managerial Economics–Demand Analysis: Demand
Determinants, Law of Demand and its exceptions.
UNIT II
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Definition, Types, Measurement and Significance of Elasticity of Demand. Demand
Forecasting, Factors governing demand forecasting, methods of demand forecasting
(survey methods, statistical methods, expert opinion method, test marketing,
controlled experiments, judgmental approach to demand forecasting)
UNIT III
THEORY OF PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS
Production Function – Isoquants and Isocosts, MRTS, Least Cost Combination of
Inputs, Production function, Laws of Returns, Internal and External Economies of
Scale.
Cost Analysis: Cost concepts, Opportunity cost, Fixed Vs.Variable costs, Explicit
costs Vs.Implicit costs, Out of pocket costs vs. Imputed costs. Break-even Analysis
(BEA)-termination of Break-Even Point (simple problems)-Managerial Significance
and limitations of BEA.
UNIT IV
INTRODUCTION TO MARKETS & PRICING STRATEGIES
Market structures: Types of competition, Features of Perfect competition, Monopoly
and Monopolistic Competition. Price-Output Determination in case of Perfect Competition
and Monopoly. Pricing Strategies
UNIT V
BUSINESS & NEW ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Characteristic features of Business, Features and evaluation of Sole Proprietorship,
Partnership, Joint Stock Company, Public Enterprises and their types, Changing
Business Environment in Post-liberalization scenario
UNIT VI
CAPITAL AND CAPITAL BUDGETING
Capital and its significance, Types of Capital, Estimation of Fixed and Working
capital requirements, Methods and sources of raising finance. Nature and scope of
capital budgeting, features of capital budgeting proposals, Methods of Capital Budgeting:
Payback Method, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) and Net Present Value
Method (simple problems)
UNIT VII
INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Double-Entry Book Keeping, Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance- Final Accounts (Trading
Account, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet with simple adjustments).
UNIT VIII
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS THROUGH RATIOS
Computation, Analysis and Interpretation of Liquidity Ratios (Current Ratio and
quick ratio), Activity Ratios (Inventory turnover ratio and Debtor Turnover ratio),
Capital structure Ratios (Debt-Equity ratio, Interest Coverage ratio), and Profitability
ratios (Gross Profit Ratio, Net Profit ratio, Operating Ratio, P/E Ratio and EPS).
TEXT BOOKS
1. Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis – Aryasri, TMH,2/E, 2005.
2. Managerial Economics - Varshney & Maheswari, Sultan Chand, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Financial Accounting for Management - Ambrish Gupta, Pearson Education,
New Delhi, 2004.
2. Financial Accounting - Schaum’s Outlines, Shim &Siegel,TMH, 2/E,2004
3. Production and Operations Management – Chary, TMH, 3/e, 2004.
4. Managerial Economics In a Global Economy - Domnick Salvatore, Thomson,
4th Edition 2003.
5. Financial Accounting—A Managerial Perspective – Narayanaswamy, PHI, 2005
6. Managerial Economics - Peterson & Lewis, Pearson Education, 4th Edition,
2004
7. Managerial Economics& Financial Analysis - Raghunatha Reddy &
Narasimhachary, Scitech, 2005.
8. Financial Accounting - S.N.Maheswari & S.K. Maheswari, Vikas, 2005.
9. Managerial Economics:Analysis, Problems and Cases - Truet and Truet, Wiley,
2004.
10. Managerial Economics – Dwived, Vikas, 6th Ed.,2002
11. Managerial Economics - Yogesh Maheswari, PHI, 2nd Ed., 2nd Ed. 2005.

(BT05319) INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Unit I: Introduction
Types of Analytical Methods – Instruments for Analysis – Uncertainties in
Instrumental measurements – Sensitivity and detection limit for instruments.
Unit II: Microscopy
Bright field, Dark field, Fluorescent, Phase contrast, confocal microscopy, SEM &
TEM Microscopy, Flow Cytometry.
Unit IV: Spectroscopy-I
General principles – Radiation, energy and atomic structure- types of spectra and
their biochemical usefulness – basic laws of light absorption. Electromagnetic
radiation & Spectrum, Beer – Lambert’s Law and apparent deviations; UV - VIS
Spectrophotometer,
Unit V: Spectroscopy-II
Spectrofluorimetry, Atomic absorption & Atomic emission spectroscopy, Cirular
Dichroism (CD)- principles, instrumentation and applications.
Unit VI: Spectroscopy-III
Infra Red Spectroscopy. Mass spectroscopy-Introduction, analysis, applications in
biology
Unit VII: NMR
High resolution NMR –Chemical shift-Spin-spin coupling Frequency lock- double
resonance-applications of proton NMR-quantitative analysis-qualitative analysis,
application of NMR in biology and study of macromolecules
Unit VIII: Spectroscopy
ESR principles - instrumentation-applications
TEXT BOOKS:
1. A Biologist Guide to principles and techniques of practical Biochemistry. By
Keith Wilson, Kenneth H. Goulding 3rd ed. ELBS Series.
2. Skoog & West, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 1982
REFERENCES:
1. Vogel, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 1990
2. Ewing, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 1992
3. Hobert H Willard D. L. Merritt & J. R. J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of
Analysis, CBS Publishers & Distributors, 1992

(CE 05239) ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

UNIT - I
Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope and
Importance – Need for Public Awareness.
UNIT - II
Natural Resources : Renewable and non-renewable resources – Natural resources
and associated problems – Forest resources – Use and over – exploitation,
deforestation, case studies – Timber extraction – Mining, dams and other effects on
forest and tribal people – Water resources – Use and over utilization of surface and
ground water – Floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams – benefits and problems
- Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and
using mineral resources, case studies. - Food resources: World food problems,
changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture,
fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case studies. - Energy resources:
Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources use of
alternate energy sources. Case studies. Land resources: Land as a resource, land
degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification. Role of an
individual in conservation of natural resources. Equitable use of resources for
sustainable lifestyles.
UNIT - III
Ecosystems : Concept of an ecosystem. - Structure and function of an ecosystem.
- Producers, consumers and decomposers. - Energy flow in the ecosystem -
Ecological succession. - Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids. -
Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following
ecosystem:
a. Forest ecosystem
b. Grassland ecosystem
c. Desert ecosystem
d. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)
UNIT - IV
Biodiversity and its conservation : Introduction - Definition: genetic, species and
ecosystem diversity. - Bio-geographical classification of India - Value of biodiversity:
consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values - .
Biodiversity at global, National and local levels. - . India as a mega-diversity nation
- Hot-sports of biodiversity - Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife,
man-wildlife conflicts. - Endangered and endemic species of India - Conservation
of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
UNIT - V
Environmental Pollution : Definition, Cause, effects and control measures of :
a. Air pollution
b. Water pollution
c. Soil pollution
d. Marine pollution
e. Noise pollution
f. Thermal pollution
g. Nuclear hazards
Solid waste Management : Causes, effects and control measures of urban and
industrial wastes. - Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. - Pollution case
studies. - Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
UNIT - VI
Social Issues and the Environment : From Unsustainable to Sustainable
development -Urban problems related to energy -Water conservation, rain water
harvesting, watershed management -Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its
problems and concerns. Case Studies -Environmental ethics: Issues and possible
solutions. -Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear
accidents and holocaust. Case Studies. -Wasteland reclamation. -Consumerism
and waste products. -Environment Protection Act. -Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act. -Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act -Wildlife Protection
Act -Forest Conservation Act -Issues involved in enforcement of environmental
legislation. -Public awareness.
UNIT - VII
Human Population and the Environment : Population growth, variation among
nations. Population explosion - Family Welfare Programme. -Environment and
human health. -Human Rights. -Value Education. -HIV/AIDS. -Women and Child
Welfare. -Role of information Technology in Environment and human health. -Case
Studies.
UNIT - VIII
Field work : Visit to a local area to document environmental assets River /forest
grassland/hill/mountain -Visit to a local polluted site-Urban/Rural/industrial/
Agricultural Study of common plants, insects, birds. -Study of simple ecosystemspond,
river, hill slopes, etc.
TEXT BOOK:
1. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses by Erach
Bharucha for University Grants Commission.

(BT05096) BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING

Unit I: Introduction to Bioprocesses
Historical development of bioprocess technology, an overview of traditional and
modern applications of biotechnology industry, outline of an integrated bioprocess
and the various (upstream and down stream) unit operations involved in
bioprocesses, generalized process flow sheets.
Unit II: Fermentation Processes-I
General requirements of fermentation processes, Basic design and construction of
fermentor and ancillaries, Main parameters to be monitored and controlled in
fermentation processes;
Unit III: Fermentation Processes-II
An overview of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation processes and their application
in the biotechnology industry, solid-substrate, slurry fermentation and its applications,
whole cell immobilization, behaviour of microbes in different reactors (air lift, fluidized,
batch, continuous fed batch condition).
Unit IV: Media Design
Medium requirements for fermentation processes, Carbon, nitrogen, minerals,
vitamins and other complex nutrients, oxygen requirements, medium formulation
for optimal growth and product formation, examples of simple and complex media,
design and usage of various commercial media for industrial fermentations
Unit V: Sterilization
Thermal death kinetics of microorganisms, batch and continuous heat. Sterilization
of liquid media, filter sterilization of liquid media, Air. Design of sterilization equipment.
Unit VI: Metabolic Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry of Cell growth and product formation, elemental balances, degrees
of reduction of substrate and biomass, available electron balances, yield coefficients
of biomass and product formation, maintenance coefficients.
Unit VII: Energetics
Energetic analysis of microbial growth and product formation, oxygen consumption
and heat evolution in aerobic cultures, thermodynamic efficiency of growth.
Unit VIII: Kinetics Of Microbial Growth And Product Formation
Phases of cell growth in batch cultures, Simple unstructured kinetic models for
microbial growth, Monod model, Growth of filamentous organisms. Growth
associated (primary) and non - growth associated (secondary) product formation
Kinetics. Leudeking-Piret models, substrate and product inhibition on cell growth
and product formation. Introduction to Structured Models for growth and product
formation.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals Bailey and Ollis, McGraw Hill (2nd
Ed.), 1986.
2. Bioprocess Engineering, Shule and Kargi, Prentice Hall, 1992.
REFERENCE:
1. Stanbury, P. F., Whitaker, A., & Hall, S. J., (1998), Principles of fermentation
Technology, 2nd ed., Elsevier Science Publishers, BV, Amsterdam.

(BT05114) CELL BIOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

1. Units, Volume & Weight
1. Calibration of microscope
2. Identification of Animal, Plant & Bacterial cells.
3. Micrometry.
4. Blood cells, WBC differential count.
5. Differential centrifugation and isolation of Chloroplast & Mitochondria.
6. Sterilization techniques (lecture/demonstrations)
7. Preparation of culture media (a) Broth type of media (b) Solid media
8. Culturing of microorganisms: (a) Broth (b) Pure culture techniques: Streak
plate, pour plate.
9. Isolation and preservation of bacterial culture.
10. Identification of microorganisms (a) Staining technique (b) Biochemical
testing.
11. Antibiotic test - Disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration.
12. Microbiological examination of water.
13. Biochemical tests
IMVIC test
Catalase test
Coagulase test
Gelatinase test
Oxidase test.
14. Determination of bacterial growth by turbidometry / colorimetry.
15. Factors affecting the bacterial growth - effect of Temperature & pH.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Microbiological and applications, Laboratory, manual in general microbiology
by Benson, Mc Graw Publications.
2. Laboratory manual in microbiology by P. Gunasekharan Newage international
Publishers.

(BT05081) BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

1. Units, Volume & Weight measurements. Concentration units, pH
Measurement. Preparation of buffers,
2. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates. Estimation of Reducing sugars by the
Benedict’s method.
3. Qualitative tests for Amino Acids. Quantitative method for Amino Acids,
Ninhydrin method
4. Protein estimation by Biuret / Folin’s / Bradford method.
5. Extraction of lipids. Saponification of Fats.
6. Estimation of cholesterol.
8. Estimation of Nucleic Acids, Precipitation by sodium sulphate, Test for ribose
and deoxyribose sugar.
9. Extraction of Caffeine from tea leaves.
10. Hydrolysis of ester using Papain.
11. Preparation of ∝-d Glucopyranose penta acetate from Glucose.`
TEXT BOOK:
1. Laboratory manaual in biochemistry by J.Jayaraman New age International
Publications.

(BT05559)TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN BIOPROCESS

UNIT-I : Momentum transfer:
Momentum transfer in bioprocess, comparison with other transport processes, effect of flow
properties in momentum transfer and oxygen mass transfer.
UNIT-II: Oxygen transport-I
Oxygen transport to microbial cultures- Gas liquid mass transfer fundamentals, oxygen requirement
of microbial cultures. Oxygen requirements of microbial cultures oxygen mass
transfer fundamentals. oxygen transfer and oxygen demand.
UNIT-III : Oxygen transport-II
Oxygen transfer by aeration and agitation. Determination of oxygen mass transfer coefficient
by various methods including dynamic gassing out and oxygen balance methods
UNIT-IV : Momentum transport by agitation:
Power requirements and mixing characteristics of ungassed and gassed systems. Concept
of power number, use of monographs. Defining impeller Reynolds number for Newtonian
and non-Newtonian fluids. Concept of aeration rate to calculate impeller power requirement
of gassed systems.
UNIT-V: Mixing
Mixing and bioreaction interactions – Flow regimes with and without baffles, various types of
impellers and mixing equipment.
UNIT-VI : Scale-up
Scale-up criteria for mixing equipment. Application of mixing in bioprocessing.
UNIT-VII : Heat Transfer-I
Various modes of heat transfer, viz., conduction convection and radiation. Mechanism of
heat transfer by conduction, Fourier’s law. Conductive heat transfer through a series of
resistances.
UNIT-VIII : Heat Transfer-II
Analogy between heat, mass and momentum transfer. Application of heat transfer in
bioprocessisng.
TEXT BOOKS :
1. Introduction to Biochemical Engineering, D.G.Rao, Tata Mc Hill (2005)
2. Bioprocess Engineering Principles Paul M. Doran, Academic press (1995).
REFERENCES
1. “Biochemical Engineering fundamentals “2nd edition by J E Bailey and D F Ollis, Mc
Graw-Hill (1986).
2. “Biochemical Engineering” by S Aiba, A E Humphrey and N Millis, Prentice- Hall (1978).
3. Bio process Engineering : Basic concepts” 2nd ed., Michaeln L shuler and F Kargi,
Prentice Hall of India (2003).

(BT05402) MICROBIOLOGY

Unit I: Introduction to microbiology
1. Discovery of microorganisms; Theory of spontaneous generation, Germ theory
of diseases; Major contribution and events in the field of Microbiology. Scope
and relevance of microbiology.
2. Identification of Microorganisms - A general account. Microdiversity
Unit II: Major groups of Microorganisms.
1. General characteristics of Bacteria, Archaea and Eubacteria. Diversity classification
of Woese et al. Three domains of life. Five - kingdom system of
Whittaker.
2. Classification systems - Phylogenetic, Phenetic, Taxonomic ranks, Major characteristics
used in Taxonomy - Morphological, Physiological, ecological, Biochemical,
Immunological, Genetical and Molecular.
Unit III: Introduction to Viruses
Virus properties, Structure of Viruses; Animal Virology; Plant Virology; Viruses
of Arthropods, bacteria and other lower organisms; and classification of viruses
(Bacterial, plant and animal replication with 1 example each) and Applications
of Virology in Biotech Industry,
Unit IV: Replication of Viruses
Viral Replication, Bacterial, plant and animal replication with 1 example each
( in case of animal viruses the teaching should include the examples of DNA
and RNA viral replication and also of those that replicate in the cytoplasm and
nucleus).
Unit V: Identification, culturing and Assay of Viruses
Identification and in vitro cultivation of viruses. Assay of viruses ( Both Bacterial
and animal viruses)
Unit VI: Nutrition, Cultivation and Growth kinetics
1. Nutrition of microorganisms; nutritional classes of microbes, Macro and micronutrients,
their sources and physiological functions of nutrients. Growth
factors and their functions in metabolism. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
2. Cultivation of microorganisms; Culture media, synthetic, complex media, solidifying
agents, types of media -selective, differential and enrichment and enriched
media, pure culture methods - spread plate, pour plate and streak plate,
special techniques for cultivation of anaerobes.
3. Growth of microorganisms, Growth curve, mathematics of growth, measure
ment of microbial growth (cell numbers, cell mass), growth yields and the
effect of limiting factors continuous growth, chemostat, turbidostat, balanced
and unbalanced growth.
Unit VII: Identification and Preservation of microbes
1. Preservation of Microorganisms; working and primary stock cultures - agar
slants, agar stabs, spore preparation, use of sterile soil, cryopreservation,
Iyophilisation, Application and limitations of various methods.
2. Influence of environmental factors on growth - solutes, water activity, pH, temperature,
oxygen, osmotic pressure, radiation.
3. Colony characteristics, staining techniques; Fixation, Principle dyes, simple
staining, differential staining spore staining, flageller straining.
4. Biochemical tests-Sugar fermentations, IMVIC tests, Catalase production etc.
Unit VIII: Control of Microorganisms
1. Control of microorganisms, Inhibition of growth and killing, sterilization and
disinfection, physical (moist and dry heat, radiation and filtration), chemical
agents (disinfectants,). Characteristics & mode of action of antimicrobial agent.
Classes of disinfectants - phenol and phenolics, alcohol, halogens (CI2,
Chloramines, Br2, I2, tinctures of iodine, iodophores), surfactants (soaps and
detergents) alkylating agents (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, [3-propiolac.tone
and ethylene oxide) Heavy metals. (Hg, Silver and copper containing compounds).
Factors affecting sterilization and disinfection. Evaluation of disinfectants.
2. Antimicrobial drugs - History of Chemotherapy, and antibiotics, mode of action
of Antimicrobial drugs (acting on Cell wall, Protein synthesis & Nucleic acids),
commonly used Antimicrobial drugs, tests to guide chemotherapy, the effectiveness
of chemotherapeutic agents.
TEXT BOOKS :
1. Microbiology, Pelczar M.J. Chan ECS and Krieg NR. Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Introduction to Micro Biology a case History approach 3rd edition John. L.
Ingraham, Catherine A Iingraham. Thomson Publications.
REFERENCES :
1. Biology of Micro organisms. BROCK, Prentice Hall, International Inc.
2. General Microbiology. Hons. G.Schlege. Combridge University press.
3. General Microbiology. Roger Y Stanier, Macmillan.
4. General Microbiology. Prescott and Dunn Mc Graw Hill Publishers.
5. Introduction to microbiology- A case history approach 3rd edition- John L.
Ingram, Catherine A. Ingram Thomson Publishers

(BT05276) GENETICS

Unit I: Physical Basis of Heredity
Basic laws of inheritance mono-hybrid, dihybrid and tri-hybrid ratios, Modification
of Mendel’s ratios due to gene interaction. Multiple factors of inheritance. Genes
and environment, identification of the genetic materials - classical experiments.
Hershey Chase, Avery McLeod etc,
Unit II: Organization of Genetic material
Packing of DNA, organization of genetic material in prokaryotes, Eukaryotes. Euchromatin
and Heterochromatin organization of Nucleosomes.
Unit III: Linkage & Recombination
Chromosomal inheritance, the concept of linkage, cytological basis of crossing over.
Mechanism of recombination, Transduction phenomena, Methods of transduction,
Generalized, Specialized & Abortive transduction, Bacteriophages - lytic & lysogenic
life cycle Discovery, Detection, Molecular mechanisms of transformation, transformation
methods. Bacterial conjugation.
Unit IV: Mapping
Two point and three point testcrosses and gene mapping. Mapping of genes by
tetrad analysis by mitotic crossing over.
Unit V: Chromosome Structure, Organization & Aberrations
Chromosome morphology, classification, karyotying. Special chromosome, chromosome
aberrations, origins, types and cytogenetic effects.
Unit VI: Sex Determination in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Mechanism of sex determination in insect (Fruit fly) and plants (Melandrium), Sex
factors in bacteria, F and HFr transfer, mechanism of transfer.
Unit VII: Sex Determination in Humans
Sex differentiation and developments in humans, Dosage compensation, Maryleons
hypothesis, Sex linked disorders in human beings – Haemophilia, Fragile-x sndrome,
Down’s syndrome
Unit VIII: Extra Chromosomal Inheritance
Introduction to extra chromosomal inheritance, examples of extra chromosomal
inheritance. Petite phenotypes in yeast. Uniparental inheritance in algae.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Principles of Genetics, Gardner EJ, Snustad DP, 2002
2. Genetics by Strickberger.
REFERENCES:
1. Genetics, Goodenough U, Hold International 1985
2. Genetics by Griffith.
3. Genetics by Brookes.
4. Essentials of Genetics (In genomics prospective), Hartwell, 2003
5. Principles of genetics-Robert H.Tamarin, Tata McGraw Hill.
6. Genetics from Genes to Genomes-Leland H.Hartwell, Leroy Hood,
Mc Graw Hill.
7. Concepts of Genetics- Vii edition-Wiliam S.Klug, Michael R. Cummings

(BT05113) CELL BIOLOGY

Unit I: Cell structure and function
Discovery of cells; Basic properties of cells; Cell theory; Cell complexity; Different
classes of cells; Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic system, Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells;
Unit II: Chemistry of the cell
Importance of carbon and water; Plasma membrane- structure and function; Cytoplasm
& Cytoskeleton; Microtubules, microfilaments & intermediate filaments.
Unit III: Intracellular Compartments
Structure and functions of Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex, Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes, Chloroplast & Mitochondria. Protein Glycosylation, Sorting
and Transport.
Unit IV: Transport across Cell Membranes
Passive and Active Transport, Permeases, Na+/K+ Pump, ATPase pumps, Lysosomal
& Vacuolar membrane ATP dependent Proton Pumps, Co-Transport Symport,
Antiport, Transport into Prokaryotic Cells, Endocytosis and Exocytosis.
Unit V: Cell division
Overview of the Cell Cycle, Interphase, Mitosis, Meiosis and Cytokinesis. Animal
Cell & Yeast Cell Division, Cell Cycle Control & Checkpoints.
Unit VI: Cell differentiation
General Characteristics of Cell Differentiation, Historical events in Cell differentiation,
Cytoplasmic determinants, Nucleoplasmic Interactions; Stem Cell differentiation
and its Biological Importance.
Unit VII: Receptors
Cytosolic, Nuclear & Membrane bound receptors, Examples and types of receptors;
Chemo receptors of Bacteria (Attractants & Repellents)
Unit VIII: Signal Transduction
Concept of Secondary messengers, cAMP, cGMP, Protein Kinases, G Proteins,
Steroid / Peptide hormone regulation & Tissue specific regulation.
TEXT BOOKS:
1) The Cell by Cooper.
2) Cell and Molecular biology – De Robertis and De Robertis (1998) Waverly
Pvt. Ltd.
References:
1) Cell & Molecular Biology by Gerald Karp (2nd Ed.) Wiley publishers.
2) The World of the cell by Becker, Reece, Poenie (3rd edition) Benjamin
Publishers.
3) Molecular Biology of the cell by Bruce Alberts.
4) The biochemistry of Cell Signalling-Ernst J.M.Helmreich. Oxford Press.
5) The world of Cell. 5th edition- Becker, Kleinsmith, Harden,-Pearson
Publishers.
6) Cell & Molecular Biology by Phillip Sheeler and Donald E.Blanchi 3rd edition
John Wiley &sons

(BT05079) BIO CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT I: BASIC CONCEPTS IN ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
First and Second law of thermodynamics; Calculation of Work, energy and property
changes in reversible processes, Thermodynamics of flow processes; Power
cycles and refrigeration cycles
UNIT II: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-I
Volumetric properties of gases exhibiting non-ideal behaviour; Residual properties
UNIT III: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS-II
Estimation of thermodynamic properties using equations of state; maxwell relationships
and their applications; Calculation of flow processes based on actual property
changes
UNIT IV: SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS
Partial molar properties; concepts of chemical potential and fugacity Ideal non ideal
solutions; Gibbs Duhem equation; Excess properties of mixtures; Activity Coefficient
- composition models
UNIT V: PHASE EQUILIBRIA
Criteria for phase equilibria; Vapour-liquid equilibrium calculations for binary mixtures,
liquid -Liquid equilibria and Solid-liquid equilibria
UNIT VI: CHEMICAL REACTION EQUILIBRIA
Equilibrium criteria for homogeneous chemical reactions; Evaluation of equilibrium
constant and effect of pressure and temperature on equilibrium constant; Calculation
of equilibrium conversions and yields for single and multiple chemical reactions
UNIT VII: BIOCHEMICAL THERM0DYNAMICS-I
Energetics of Metabolic Pathways; Energy Coupling (ATP & NADH); Stoichiometry
and energetic analysis of Cell Growth and Product Formation- elemental Balances,
Degree of reduction concepts; available -electron balances; yield coefficients;
UNIT VIII: BIOCHEMICAL THERM0DYNAMICS-II
Oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures; thermodynamic efficiency
of growth
TEXT BOOKS :
1. J M.Smith,H.C.Van Ness and M.M.Abbott. Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics McGraw Hill
2. J.A. Roels, Kinetics and Energetics in Biotechnology, Elsevier, 1983

(BT05080) BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit I: Carbohydrate Structure & Function
Structure and properties of Mono, Di, Oligo & polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates,
Confirmation of pyranose & furanose ring, glycosidic bond, Glycogen, starch & dextran;
as mobilizable stores of glucose. cellulose, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans & lectins;
structure and function.
UNIT II: Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glycolysis, Glucogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, ED Pathway, Pentoses
phosphate shunt & TCA cycle
UNIT III: Bioenergetics
Respiratory chain, Aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Fermentation.
UNIT IV: Proteins & Amino Acids Metabolism -I
Nitrogen Balance, Amino acids as building blocks of proteins; Protein structure, folding &
function, N2 Cycle, reductive amination & transamination &Urea cycle.
UNIT V: Proteins & Amino Acids Metabolism -II
Synthesis of amino acids - Glutamate pathway; Serine pathway; shikimate pathway for
the production of aromatic amino acids.
Unit VI: Lipids & Their Metabolism
Classifications, Structures and roles of fatty acids; fatty acid breakdown; fatty acid synthesis;
synthesis and metabolism of triglycerols, cholesterol structure and function. Lipoproteins
– classification & function.
UNIT VII: Intermediary Metabolism
Interconnection of pathways & metabolic regulation
UNIT VIII: Photosynthesis
Bacterial & Plant photosynthesis; oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis; chlorophyll
as trapper of solar energy, photosynthetic reaction centres, Hill reaction, PS I & PS II,
Photophosphorylation - cyclic & non-cyclic; Dark reaction & CO2 fixation.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Lehninger A.L, Nelson O.’L, M.M. Cox, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS
Publications, 1993. ,
2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry J.L. Jain S. Chand Publishers
REFERENCES:
1. Voet D, Voet J. G, Biochemistry, Second Edition, John C Wiley and Sons,
1994.
2. Stryer L, Biochemistry, Fourth edition, 1994.
3. Biochemistry by K. Mathews, K.E. Van Holde, Kevin G Ahern, Pearson education.
4. Protein’s Structure and function. Daviel Whitford John Wiley Publications.
5. Biochemistry by cristopher K.Mathews, K.E.Van Holde, Pearsons education